Spatial Quantification of Domestic Water Consumption in Rehankot, Dir Town, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province-Pakistan
Spatial Quantification of Domestic Water Consumption
Keywords:
Domestic water, Consumption, Spatial Quantification, Mapping, GPS, GISAbstract
This paper is an effort to quantify and map the water supply system and the spatial distribution of domestic water consumption pattern in the Rehankot- a densely populated area in Dir Town. Perennial River, Springs and Kareez are the main sources of water supply in the area. Public water supply schemes have been developed to collect, and distribute potable water to the community. To assess the water consumption patterns a questionnaire based household survey was conducted using random sampling techniques. Global position system (GPS) was also used to spatially locate the sampling units. Kernal Density Estimation (KDE) was applied to visualize population densities and ordinary Kriging has been used to visualize the spatial trend of domestic water consumption per day. Average daily water consumption has been quantified for different income groups and of different family sizes. High income groups and large families consumption was high. The total water consumption of large, medium and small families was found 912, 526 and 282 liters (l) per day (d) respectively. Whereas, per capita consumption was found very high within medium size families is 70 liters consumption (lc/d) and almost same in small and large size families as 57 and 55 lc/d respectively. Similarly based on income distribution pattern the total water consumption was found directly proportional to their income levels. The overall average per capita consumption was found as 61 l/c/d which are still 9 litres less than the standard consumption value. This study highlights the problems regarding the existing water supply system in the area and the variability of consumption patterns regarding family size and income distribution.
References
M.J. Hall, B.D. Hooper, and S.M. Postle, Domestic per capita water consumption in South West England. Water Environment Journal, 2(6): 626631 (1988).
S.C. McCaffrey, Human right to water: Domestic and international implications, A. Geo. Int’l Envtl. L. Rev., 5, 1 (1992).
G.J. Young, J.C. Dooge, and J. C. Rodda, Global water resource issues. Cambridge University Press (2004).
S. Farid, M.K. Baloch, and S.A. Ahmad, Water pollution: Major issue in urban areas. International journal of water resources and environmental engineering, 4(3): 55-65 (2012).
WHO/UNICEF Joint Water Supply, Sanitation Monitoring Programme, World Health Organization, and UNICEF. Progress on drinking water and sanitation: Special focus on sanitation. World Health Organization (2010).
J.J. Cheng, C.J. Schuster-Wallace, S. Watt, B.K. Newbold, and A. Mente. An ecological quantification of the relationships between water, sanitation and infant, child, and maternal mortality. Environmental Health, 11(1): 4-16 (2012).
C.J. Vörösmarty, P. Green, J. Salisbury, and R.B. Lammers. Global water resources: vulnerability from climate change and population growth. Science, 289(5477): 284-288 (2000).
A.Y. Hoekstra, and M.M Mekonnen. The water footprint of humanity. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 109 (9): 3232-3237 (2012).
A. Al-Radif. Integrated water resources management (IWRM): an approach to face the challenges of the next century and to avert future crises. Desalination, 124(1): 145-153 (1999).
P.H.Gleick. Water and terrorism. Water policy, 8(6): 481-503 (2006).
W.A. Clark, and J.C. Finley. Determinants of water conservation intention in Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria. Society and natural resources, 20(7): 613-627 (2007).
World Bank Water Demand Research Team. The demand for water in rural areas: determinants and policy implications. The World Bank Research Observer, 8(1): 47-70 (1993).
M.S. Babel, A.D. Gupta, and P.A Pradhan. multivariate econometric approach for domestic water demand modelling: an application to Kathmandu, Nepal. Water Resource Management, 21(3): 573-589 (2007).
O. Singh, and S.A Turkiya. survey of household domestic water consumption patterns in rural semiarid village, India. Geography Journal, 78(5): 777790 (2013).
L.S. Araujo, H. Ramos, and S.T. Coelho. Pressure control for leakage minimisation in water distribution systems management. Water Resource Management, 20(1): 133-149 (2006).
F. P. Maganga, J. A. Butterworth, and P. Moriarty. Domestic water supply, competition for water resources and IWRM in Tanzania: a review and discussion paper. Chemistry of the Earth Journal, 27(11): 919-926 (2002).
P. R., Hunter, A.M. MacDonald, and R. C Carter. Water supply and health. PLoS Medicine, 7(11): e1000361 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pmed.1000361
E. Friedler, and M. Hadari. Economic feasibility of on-site greywater reuse in multi-storey buildings. Desalination, 190(1): 221-234 (2006).
C. Matos, C. A. Teixeira, A. A. L. S. Duarte, and I. Bentes. Domestic water uses: Characterization of daily cycles in the north region of Portugal. Science of the total environment, 458: 444-450 (2013).
Government of Pakistan (GoP). District census report of Dir, 1998. Population census organization, Islamabad (1999).
Government of Pakistan (GoP). Population census organization of Pakistan, Islamabad (2012).
S. Mahmood, A.H Khan, and S.M. Mayo Exploring underlying causes and assessing damages of 2010 flash flood in the upper zone of Panjkora River. Natural Hazards, 83(2): 1213–1227 (2016).
S. Mahmood, A.H, Khan, S. Ullah. Assessment of 2010 flash flood causes and associated damages in Dir Valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 16: 215–223 (2016).
Government of Pakistan (GoP). Tehsil Municipal Authority (TMA), District Dir Upper, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2016).
K. Edwards, and L.A Martin. Methodology for surveying domestic water consumption. Water Environment Journal, 9(5): 477-488 (1995).
