Phytochemical Diversity and Pharmacological Perspectives of Vitex leucoxylon L.f.: A Comprehensive Review
Keywords:
Iridoids, Vitex leucoxylon L.f., Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Ethnopharmacology, Systematic ReviewAbstract
Vitex leucoxylon L.f. (family Lamiaceae) is a large deciduous tree with a spreading crown and trunk, distributed in peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Traditionally, the plant has been used in medicine for the treatment of fever, joint pain, jaundice, anaemia, asthma, cancer, wounds, headache and catarrh, with specific mention in Ayurveda for managing bone disorders. Pharmacological studies have revealed hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antimicrobial and analgesic activities. Phytochemical investigations have identified bioactive compounds including β-sitosterol, dimethyl terephthalate, isovitexin, vitexin, agnuside and aucubin, particularly concentrated in leaves and bark. In the present review, a systematic search was conducted following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines to ensure transparency and reproducibility. A total of 152 records were identified through database searches such as PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, Springer and Google Scholar using the keywords as “Vitex leucoxylon L.f.,” “ethnobotany” ands “pharmacology” from the period of 1994 to 2025. After removing duplicates (5 records), 147 studies were screened based on titles and abstracts. Following eligibility assessment of full texts, 107 articles met the inclusion criteria and were synthesized in this review. The identification, screening, eligibility and inclusion of pertinent research are all summarized in the PRISMA flow diagram. Future pharmacological and phytochemical research on V. leucoxylon L.f. is highly promising due to its wide therapeutic potential and phytoconstituent profile. This PRISMA-based systematic review reveals despite its enormous pharmacological potential, rigorous standardized, analytical, and clinical studies are needed to translate Vitex leucoxylon L.f. into an evidence-based therapeutic resource.
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