3D Analysis of Graveyard Trees in the Wake of COVID-19

3D Analysis of Graveyard Trees in the Wake of COVID-19

Authors

  • Shazia Pervaiz Environmental Protection Agency, Lahore, Pakistan
  • Filza Zafar Khan Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories Complex, Lahore, Pakistan
  • Kanwal Javid Department of Geography, Government College University Lahore, Pakistan

Keywords:

COVID-19 and air, Miani Sahib, Smog, Tree Diversity, Urban Environment, UNFCCC

Abstract

Covid-19 presented the new perspective of urban green space to battle the pandemic crisis globally. The havoc of Coronavirus became more deadly with the combination of foul air which is one of the urban challenges birthed by the shrinkage of green cover. Significantly, urban trees are valuable and cost-effective solutions to gobble up the concentration of air-borne particulates from the environment. Thus, by keeping in view the importance of trees in the era of COVID-19, the 3D (density, diversity and durability) analysis has been carried out for the first time in the smog prone city (Lahore) with the objective to examine the potential of green cover in the urban graveyards. The current research consists of two data sources. The first source is a Muslim Graveyard and the second one is a NonMuslim (Christian) Graveyard. Field assessment was carried out in graveyards using a global positioning system. The observation data of trees assessment was used in terms of tree cover, diversity and their physical condition. Results of the study showed that both of the graveyards are deficient in tree cover. Thus, it was concluded from the findings that the unsatisfactory state of tree health and diversity could neither maintain the surrounding environment by absorbing carbon dioxide nor defeat the particulate pollutants. Moreover, the present study will prove to be a valuable source of
information for government departments such as forest and urban planning to realign strategies to provide healthy air
to breathe, mitigate the risk of pandemic and minimize environmental pollution i.e., smog.

References

L. Battisti, L. Pille, T. Wachtel, F. Larcher and I.Säumel. Residential greenery: state of the art and health-related ecosystem services and disservices in the city of Berlin. Sustainability, 11(6): 1815 (2019).

S. Buchholz, T. Blick, K. Hannig, I. Kowarik, A. Lemke, V. Otte and B. Seitz. Biological richness of a large urban cemetery in Berlin. Results of a multitaxon approach. Biodiversity Data Journal, (4): e7057 (2016).

P. Tryjanowski, F. Morelli, P. Mikula, A. Krištín, P. Indykiewicz, G. Grzywaczewski and L. Jerzak. Bird diversity in urban green space: A large-scale analysis of differences between parks and cemeteries in central Europe. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 27: 264-271 (2017).

D. F. Shanahan, B. B. Lin, R. Bush, K. J. Gaston, J. H. Dean, E. Barber and R. A. Fuller. Toward improved public health outcomes from urban nature. American Journal of Public Health, 105(3): 470-477 (2015).

D. E. Aldous. Social, Environmental, Economic, and Health Benefits of Green Spaces. In XXVII International Horticultural Congress-IHC 2006: International Symposium on Horticultural Plants in Urban and Peri-Urban 762: 171-186 (2006).

S. Pervaiz, K. Javid, F. Z. Khan, B. Talib, R. Siddique, M. A. N. Akram and M. M. Ranjha. Spatial analysis of vegetation cover in urban green

space under new government agenda of clean and green Pakistan to tackle climate change. Journal of

Ecological Engineering, 20(4): 245–255 (2019).

A. Younis, M. Qasim, A. Riaz, M. Ishaq, F. Zulfiqar, A. Farooq and M. F. Hassan. Attitudes of citizens towards community involvement for

development and maintenance of urban green spaces: A Faisalabad case study. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 55(1): (2018).

A. U. Imam and U. K. Banerjee. Urbanisation and greening of Indian cities: problems, practices, and policies. Ambio, 45(4): 442-457 (2016).

R. Grote, R. Samson, R. Alonso, J. H. Amorim, P.Cariñanos, G. Churkina and E. Paoletti. Functional traits of urban trees: air pollution mitigation potential. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 14(10): 543-550 (2016).

H. Lv, W. Wang, X. He, C. Wei, L. Xiao, B. Zhang and W. Zhou. Association of urban forest landscape characteristics with biomass and soil carbon stocks in Harbin city, Northeastern China. PeerJ, 6: 5825 (2018).

M. Das, M Das and A. Mukherjee. Carbon sequestration potential of eight tree species selected from the Golapbag Campus of Burdwan University, West Bengal (India). Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences, 8(2): 1901-1908 (2017).

L. Tyrväinen, S. Pauleit, K. Seeland and S. D. Vries. Benefits and uses of urban forests and trees. Urban Forests and Trees (81-114). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. (2005).

I. Alcock, M. White, M. Cherrie, B. Wheeler, J. Taylor, R. McInnes and L. Fleming. Land cover and air pollution are associatesd with

asthma hospitalisations: A cross-sectional study. Environment International, 109: 29-41 (2017).

L. Chen, C. Liu, L. Zhang, R. Zou and Z. Zhang. Variation in tree species ability to capture and retain airborne fine particulate matter (PM 2.5). Scientific Reports, 7(1): 3206 (2017).

D. J. Nowak, S. Hirabayashi, A. Bodine and E. Greenfield. Tree and forest effects on air quality and human health in the United States. Environmental Pollution, 193: 119-129 (2014).

A. H. Rosenfeld, H. Akbari, J. J. Romm and M. Pomerantz. Cool communities: strategies for heat island mitigation and smog reduction. Energy and Buildings, 28(1): 51-62 (1998).

A. D. Solomou E. T., Topalidou, R. Germani, A. Argiri and G. Karetsos. Importance, utilization and health of urban forests: A Review. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 47(1): 10-16 (2018).

United Nations. Sustainable Development Goals: 17 Goals to Transform our World (2016).

B. F. Nero. Urban green spaces enhance carbon sequestration and conserve biodiversity in cities of the global south case of Kumasi, Ghana (2017).

T. Harvey. Sacred spaces, common places: the cemetery in the contemporary American city. Geographical Review, 96(2): 295-312 (2006).

M. Jansson. Green space in compact cities: The benefits and values of urban ecosystem services in planning. NA, 26(2): (2014).

K. L. Wolf. Economics and public value of urban forests. Urban Agriculture Magazine, Special Issue on Urban and Periurban Forestry, 13: 31-33 (2004).

G. Lorenzini and C. A. Nali. Challenging job: Plant pathology in the urban environment. Agrochimica, 58(3): 206-221 (2014).

J. A. Salmond, M. Tadaki, S. Vardoulakis, K. Arbuthnott, A. Coutts, M. Demuzere and R. N. McInnes. Health and climate related ecosystem services provided by street trees in the urban environment. Environmental Health, 15(1): S36 (2016).

D. H. Locke, J. M. Grove, J. W. Lu, A. Troy, J. P. O'Neil-Dunne and B. D. Beck. Prioritizing preferable locations for increasing urban tree canopy in New York City. Cities and the Environment, 3(1): 4 (2010).

J. Luttik. The value of trees, water and open space as reflected by house prices in the Netherlands. Landscape and Urban Planning, 48(3-4): 161-167 (2000).

S. M. Landry and J. Chakraborty. Street trees and equity: evaluating the spatial distribution of an urban amenity. Environment and Planning, 41(11):, 2651-2670 (2009).

K. Beljan, S. Posavec and K. Jerčić, Economic valuation of urban trees: Ribnjak Park case study, Zagreb. South-east European Forestry, 6(1): 119-127 (2015).

A. Novara, L. Gristina, G. Sala, A. Galati, M. Crescimanno, A. Cerdà and T. L. A. Mantia. Agricultural land abandonment in mediterranean environment provides ecosystem services via soil carbon sequestration. Science of Total Environment, 576: 420-429 (2017).

J. Peacock, J. Ting and K. L. Bacon. Economic value of trees in the estate of the harewood house stately home in the United Kingdom. PeerJ, 6: e5411 (2018).

N. H. Ravindranath, B. S. Somashekhar and M. Gadgil. Carbon flow in Indian Forests. Climatic Change, 35(3): 297-320 (1997).

D. Tom-Dery, G. Akomanyi, J. K. Korese and H. Issifu. The Contribution of mango agroecosystems to carbon sequestration in Northern Ghana. International Journal of Development, 2(1): 20-30 (2015).

G. S. Kiran and S. Kinnary. Carbon sequestration by urban trees on roadsides of Vadodara City. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 3(4): 3066-3070 (2011).

N. Srinivas, D. Gopamma and R. K. Jagadeeswara. Urban trees for carbon sequestration and management of climate change & disasters. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 3(16): 182-184 (2014).

N. Dunnett, C. Swanwick and H. Woolley. Improving urban parks, play areas and green spaces. London: Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions. (2002).

V. Jennings, A. Baptiste, O. Jelks and R. Skeete. Urban green space and the pursuit of health equity in parts of the United States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(11), 1432 (2017).

K. Willis and L. Osman. Economic benefits of accessible green spaces for physical and mental health: scoping study. Forestry Commission, CJC Consulting, Oxford. (2005).

R. J. Standish, R. J. Hobbs and J. R. Miller. Improving city life: Options for ecological restoration in urban landscapes and how these might influence interactions between people and nature. Landscape Ecology, 28(6): 1213-1221 (2013).

B. L. Keeler, P. Hamel, T. McPhearson, M. H. Hamann, M. L. Donahue, K. A. M. Prado and A. D. Guerry. Social-ecological and technological factors moderate the value of urban nature. Nature Sustainability, 2(1): 29 (2019).

Z. Li. (2014). Cauchy convergence topologies on the space of continuous functions. Topology and its Applications, 161: 321-329 (2019).

C. E. Scott, T. Bliss, D. V. Spracklen, K. J. Pringle, M. Dallimer, E. W. Butt and P. M. Forster. Exploring the value of urban trees and green spaces in Leeds, UK. Proceedings of the International Sustainable Ecological Engineering Design for Society (SEEDS) Conference 2016: Conference Proceedings. International SEEDS Conference: Sustainable Ecological Engineering Design for Society, 14-15: 310-320 (2016).

S. Orr, J. Paskins and S. Chaytor. Valuing urban green space: challenges and opportunities. UCL Policy Briefing. (2014).

E. J. Flies, C. Skelly, S. S. Negi, P. Prabhakaran, Q. Liu, K. Liu and P. Weinstein. Biodiverse green spaces: A prescription for global urban health. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 15(9): 510-516 (2017).

L. J. McCunn. The importance of nature to city living during the COVID-19 pandemic: considerations and goals from environmental psychology. Cities & Health, 1-4: (2020).

M. C. Kondo, J. M. Fluehr, T. McKeon and C. C. Branas. Urban green space and Its impact on human health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(3): 445 (2018).

M. Hillsdon, J. Panter, C. Foster and A. Jones. The Relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 120(12): 1127-1132 (2006).

H. Shahabi, H. Zabihian and A. Shikhi. Application of satellite images and GIS in evaluation of green space destruction in urban area (case study: Boukan City). International Journal of Engineering, 1(7): (2012).

T. Byomkesh, N. Nakagoshi and A. M. Dewan. Urbanization and green space dynamics in greater Dhaka, Bangladesh. Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 8(1): 45-58 (2012).

K. Narmada and G. Bhaskaran. Multi-temporal analysis and quantification of the carbon stocks in the urban forests of Chennai metropolitan area using geoinformatics techniques to identify their role in climate change mitigation. Geoinformatics & Geostatistics An Overview, 5(4):1-5 2017.

S. Pervaiz, A. S. Shirazi, F. Z. Khan, K. Javid and M. T. Aziz. Tree census of urban green space with special reference to Gora cemetery of Lahore, Pakistan. International Journal of Biosciences, 13(1): 431-439 (2018).

S. Naeem, C. Cao, M. M. Waqar, C. Wei and B. K. Acharya. Vegetation role in controlling the ecoenvironmental conditions for sustainable urban environments: a comparison of Beijing and Islamabad. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, 12(1): 016013 (2018).

X. L. Chen, H. M. Zhao, P. X. Li and Z. Y. Yin. Remote sensing image-based analysis of the relationship between urban heat island and land use/cover changes. Remote Sensing of Environment, 104(2): 133-146 (2006).

S. Pervaiz, K. Javid, F. Z. Khan, Y. Zahid and M. A. N. Akram. Preliminary assessment of air during COVID-19 lockdown: an unintended benefit to environment. Environment and Natural Resources Journal, 18(4): 363-375 (2020).

T. Blaschke, G. J. Hay, M. Kelly, S. Lang, P. Hofmann, E. Addink and D.Tiede. Geographic object-based image analysis towards a new paradigm. ISPRS journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing, 87: 180-191 (2014).

T. Banerjee, S. C. Barman and R. K. Srivastava. Application of air pollution dispersion modeling for source-contribution assessment and model performance evaluation at integrated industrial estate-Pantnagar. Environmental Pollution, 159(4): 865-875 (2011).

K. D. Kanniah, D. G, Kaskaoutis, H.San Lim, M. T. Latif, N. A. F. K. Zaman and J. Liew. Overview of atmospheric aerosol studies in Malaysia: Known and unknown. Atmospheric Research, 182: 302-318 (2016).

K. L. Heather. The Environmental Benefits of Urban Agriculture on Unused, Impermeable and SemiPermeable Spaces in Major Cities with a Focus on Philadelphia, PA. Master of Environmental Studies Capstone Projects. 46. http://repository.upenn.edu/

mes_capstones/46. (2012).

S. J. Livesley, E. G. McPherson and C. Calfapietra. The urban forest and ecosystem services: impacts on urban water, heat, and pollution cycles at the tree, street, and city scale. Journal of environmental quality, 45(1): 119-124 (2016).

C. Rosenzweig, W. D. Solecki, P. Romero-Lankao, S. Mehrotra, S. Dhakal, and S. A. Ibrahim (Eds.). Climate change and cities: Second assessment report of the urban climate change research network. Cambridge University Press. (2018).

B. L. Chavan and G. B. Rasal. Sequestered standing carbon stock in selective tree species grown in University campus at Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 2(7): 3003-3007 (2010).

C. Calfapietra, S. Fares, F. Manes, A. Morani, G. Sgrigna and F. Loreto. Role of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) emitted by urban trees on ozone concentration in cities: a review. Environmental pollution, 183: 71-80 (2013).

R. Riaz and K.Hamid. Existing smog in Lahore, Pakistan: an alarming public health concern. Cureus, 10(1): 1-3 (2018).

I. C. Karagiannis and P. G. Soldatos. Estimation of critical CO2 values when planning the power source in water desalination: The case of the small Aegean islands. Energy Policy, 38(8): 3891-3897 (2010).

V. C. Broto and H.Bulkeley. A survey of urban climate change experiments in 100 cities. Global Environmental Change, 23(1): 92-102 (2013).

Ogen, Y. Assessing nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels as a contributing factor to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) fatality rate. Science of the Total Environment, 138605 (2020).

R. Alam, S. A. Shirazi, M. B. S. Zia, and M. N. Bhalliand. Spatial distribution of urban green spaces in Lahore, Pakistan: a case study of Gulberg Town. Pakistan Journal of Science, 66(3): 277 (2014).

T. Elmqvist, H. Setälä, S. N. Handel, S. Van Der Ploeg, J. Aronson, J. N. Blignaut and R. De Groot. Benefits of restoring ecosystem services in urban areas. Current opinion in environmental sustainability, 14: 101-108 (2015).

A.Younis, M. Qasim, A. Riaz, M. Ishaq, F. Zulfiqar, A. Farooq and M. F. Hassan. Attitudes of citizens towards community involvement for development and maintenance of urban green spaces: a Faisalabad case study. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 55(1): 73-82(2018).

M. M. Isa and N.Othman, Using geographic information system for trees assessment at public park. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 42: 248-258 (2012).

M.Tripathi and H. Joshi, Carbon flow in Delhi urban forest ecosystems. Scholars Research Library, 6(8): 13-17 (2015).

A. B. Imran and S.Ahmed. Potential of Landsat-8 spectral indices to estimate forest biomass. International Journal of Human Capital in Urban Management, 3(4): 303-314 (2018).

F. S. Chapin, P. A. Matson and H. A. Mooney. Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology–Springer-Verlag. New York, USA, 298-300 (2002).

K. T. Vashum and S.Jayakumar. Methods to estimate above-ground biomass and carbon stock in natural forests-A review. Journal Ecosystem and Ecography, 2(4): 1-7 (2012).

A. Ajani and Z. I. Shams. Comparative status of sequestered carbon stock of Azadirachta indica and Conocarpus erectus at the University of Karachi Campus, Pakistan. International Journal of Environment, 5(2): 89-97 (2016).

S. Fares, E. Paoletti, C. Calfapietra, T. N. Mikkelsen, R. Samson and D. Le Thiec. Carbon sequestration by urban trees. The Urban Forest (pp. 31-39). Springer, Cham. (2017).

K. Iizuka, T. Yonehara, M. Itoh, and Y. Kosugi. Estimating tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH) from digital surface models and orthophotos obtained with an unmanned aerial system for a Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) forest. Remote Sensing, 10(1): 13 (2017).

B. K. Passi and S. Mishra, Selecting research areas and research design approaches in distance education: Process issues. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning,5(3): (2004).

S. Akhtar, W. Saleem, V. M. Nadeem, I. Shahid and A. Ikram. Assessment of willingness to pay for improved air quality using contingent valuation method. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 3(3): 279-286 (2017).

S. Sabar and G. A. Anjum. Problems and prospects of curbside parking in Lahore: policy implications for effective management. Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 36(4): 14 (2017).

N. Noreen, S. Dil, S. U. K. Niazi, I. Naveed, N. U. Khan, F. K. Khan and D. Kumar, Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Pandemic and Pakistan; Limitations and Gaps. Global Biosecurity, 1(3): 2020.

DAWN. ‘Clean and Green Pakistan’ 5-year campaign to be launched on Oct 13: PM Khan. Retrieved on 5th December, 2018. https://www.dawn.com/news/1437638. (2018).

Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gora_Kabristan,_Lahore. Retrieved on 17th March, 2019.

.A. A. Shah, M. Ramzan and R. Saba. Ethnoecological studies of herbs and shrubs of Miani Sahib Graveyard, Lahore City, Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Bioresource Management, 3(2): 5 (2016).

.N. Arslan, S. Alp and M. Koyuncu. Silent guardians of cemeteries in Turkey: bulbous plants. In XI International Symposium on Flower Bulbs and Herbaceous Perennials 1002 (pp. 301-306) (2012)

DAWN. Miani Sahib admin starts mortuary van service. https://www.dawn.com/news/1420525. Retrieved on 20th July, 2018.

P. Duinker, C. Ordóñez, J. Steenberg, K. Miller, S. Toni, and S.Nitoslawski. Trees in Canadian cities: indispensable life form for urban sustainability. Sustainability, 7(6): 7379-7396 (2015).

Y. Zhai, P. K. Baran and C. Wu. Spatial distributions and use patterns of user groups in urban forest parks: An examination utilizing GPS tracker. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 35: 32-44 (2018).

K. T. Ward and G. R. Johnson. Geospatial methods provide timely and comprehensive urban forest information. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 6(1): 15-22 (2007).

N. Lodhiyal, L. S. Lodhiyal and Y. P. S. Pangtey. Structure and function of hisham forests in central Himalaya, India: dry matter dynamics. Annals of Botany, 89(1): 41-54 (2002).

R. O. Curtis and D. D. Marshall. Permanent-plot procedures for silvicultural and yield research. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-634. Portland, OR: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 86: 634 (2005).

B. Akram, F. Abbas, M. Ibrahim, M. F. Nawaz, S. I. Zahra, M. R. Salik, and H. M. Hammad. Aboveground carbon pools of citrus acreage in Pakistan. Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 27(6):1903-1908 (2017).

J. Pokorny, J. O'Brien, R. Hauer, G. Johnson, J. Albers, P. Bedker and M. Mielke. Urban tree risk management: a community guide to program design and implementation. USDA Forest Service Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry 1992 Folwell Ave. St. Paul, MN 55108. (2003).

M. Saati, M. Bagheri and F. Zamanian. Application of remote sensing in development of green space. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering, 4(4): 207-213 (2010).

A. K. Bhandari, A. Kumar, and G. K.Singh. Feature extraction using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI): a case study of Jabalpur city. Procedia Technology, 6: 612-621 (2012).

B. Trisakti, Vegetation type classification and vegetation cover percentage estimation in urban green zone using pleiades imagery. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 54(1): 1-11 (2017).

R. Assaye, K. V. Suryabhagavan, M. Balakrishnan and S. Hameed, Geo-spatial approach for urban green space and environmental quality assessment: a case study in Addis Ababa City. Journal of Geographic Information System, 9(02): 191 (2017).

J. R. Clark and N. Matheny. The research foundation to tree pruning: A review of the literature. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry, 36(3): 110-120 (2010).

E. T. Smiley and B. Kane, The effects of pruning type on wind loading of Acer rubrum. Journal of Arboriculture, 32(1): 33 (2006).

B. Kane, H. D. P. Ryan and D. V. Bloniarz. Prioritizing risk trees in a community. Tree Care Industry, 12(7): 45-51 (2001).

T. Paap, T. I. Burgess and M. J. Wingfield. Urban trees: bridge-heads for forest pest invasions and sentinels for early detection. Biological invasions, 19(12): 3515-3526 (2017).

R. B. Pearce and T. A. Tattar. Diseases of shade trees, Academic Press, London, UK (1989), (Revised edn.). Pp. xix+ 391, illus. (Hardcover). ISBN 0-12-684351-1. (1996).

L. P. Magasi. Insects and diseases of the urban forest in the Maritimes. Journal of Arboriculture, 21: 7-7 (1995).

P. M. Wargo, R. Minocha, B. L. Wong, R. P. Long, S. B. Horsley and T. J. Hall. Measuring changes in stress and vitality indicators in limed sugar maple on the Allegheny Plateau in north-central Pennsylvania. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 32(4): 629-641 (2002).

M. Dobbertin, Tree growth as indicator of tree vitality and of tree reaction to environmental stress: a review. European Journal of Forest Research, 124(4): 319-333 (2005).

M. F. Winn, S. M. Lee and P. A. Araman. Urban tree crown health assessment system: a tool for communities and citizen foresters. Proceedings, Emerging Issues Along Urban-Rural Interfaces II: Linking Land-Use Science and Society. 180-183. (2007).

J. A. Salmond, M. Tadaki, S. Vardoulakis, K. Arbuthnott, A. Coutts, M. Demuzere and B. Wheeler. Health and climate related ecosystem services provided by street trees in the urban environment. Environmental Health, 15(1): 95-111 (2016).

N. C. Coops, C. Stone, D. S. Culvenor and L. Chisholm. Assessment of crown condition in eucalypt vegetation by remotely sensed optical indices. Journal of environmental quality, 33(3): 956-964 (2004).

A. Levinsson, C. K. van den Bosch, C. Oxell and A. M. Fransson. Visual assessments of establishment success in urban Prunus avium (L.) and Quercus rubra (L.) in relation to water status and crown morphological characteristics. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(2): 218-224 (2015).

O. J. Chakre. Choice of eco-friendly trees in urban environment to mitigate airborne particulate pollution. Journal of human ecology, 20(2): 135-138 (2006).

S. Pervaiz, M. A. N. Akram, F. Z. Khan, K. Javid and Y. Zahid. Brick sector and air quality: an integrated assessment towards 2020 challenge of environment development. Environment and Natural Resources Journal, 19(2): 153-164 (2021).

Downloads

Published

2021-08-02

How to Cite

Pervaiz, S. ., Khan, F. Z. ., & Javid, K. . (2021). 3D Analysis of Graveyard Trees in the Wake of COVID-19: 3D Analysis of Graveyard Trees in the Wake of COVID-19. Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: A. Physical and Computational Sciences, 57(4), 113–127. Retrieved from https://ppaspk.org/index.php/PPAS-A/article/view/447

Issue

Section

Articles