Immunity Patterns of Covid-19 Recovered Patients in Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53560/PPASB(61-1)818Keywords:
IgG, IgM, Vaccination, Immunity, SusceptibilityAbstract
The main purpose of this study was to assess the immunity of recovered patients in COVID-19 patients. The idea was to unveil the nexus between the onset of COVID-19 coupled with the virulence of the disease and the immune responses of the target population in tandem with the intake of local/traditional foods. In the current study antibody presence and complete blood profile of 100 individuals were studied for COVID-19, from the Gilgit area. Immunity against COVID-19 recovered patients was observed during this investigation after more than eight months of their recovery. In this study, 78.2% of people were positive for Immunoglobin G antibody and 23.7% for Immunoglobin M antibody. The most infected age group recorded was 31-40 years. The mean blood glucose level in random was 143.38 mg/dL and 128.18 mg/dL in males and females, respectively. The mean cholesterol level in males was 148.82 mg/dL while the female cholesterol mean was 126.49 mg/dL. White Blood Cells were observed within their prescribed ranges. The mean hemoglobin level was 14.580 g/dL and 12.022 g/dL while mean RBC was 4.7838×106 m/µL and 4.2993×106 m/µL and the mean platelets were 238.45×103/µL and 261.91×103/µL in male and female, respectively. It is observed that the A+ blood group was more susceptible to infection. About 75% of individuals consume highly rich and nutritious food. About 55% of people engaged themselves with exercise. 25% of participants used their normal regular diet during the infection phase on the other hand 75% of individuals treated themselves with a specific and highly nutritious diet for their rapid and healthy recovery. More than 65% of people were re-infected after COVID-19 vaccination but the symptoms were not severe. Due to the strong innate immunity of people from this region, they recovered more rapidly. The dietary habits, high hemoglobin levels coupled with regular exercise might have a positive impact on early recovery of COVID-19-infected patients.
References
Y. Wu, Z. Feng, P. Li, and Q. Yu. Relationship between ABO blood group distribution and clinical characteristics in patients with COVID-19. Clinica Chimica Acta 509: 220-223 (2020).
D.D. Richman, R.J. Whitley, and F.G. Hayden (Eds.). Clinical virology Fourth Edition. ASM Books, Wiley (2016).
L.V.D. Hoek. Human coronaviruses: What do they cause ? Antiviral Therapy 12: 651–658 (2007).
F. Pene, A. Merlat, A. Vabret, F. Rozenberg, A. Buzyn, F. Dreyfus, A. Cariou, F. Freymuth, and P. Lebon. Coronavirus 229E-Related Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Patients. Clinical Infectious Diseases 37: 929–932 (2003).
E.E. Walsh, J.H. Shin, and A.R. Falsey. Clinical impact of human coronaviruses 229E and OC43 infection in diverse adult populations. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 208(10): 1634-1642 (2013).
G.J. Gorse, T.Z. O’Connor, S.L. Hall, J.N. Vitale, and K.L. Nichol. Human Coronavirus and Acute Respiratory Illness in Older Adults with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 199: 847–857 (2009).
L.E. Gralinski, and V.D. Menachery. Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV. Viruses 12(2): 135 (2020).
W. Tan, X. Zhao, X, Ma, W. Wang, P. Niu, W. Xu, and G. Wu, A novel coronavirus genome identified in a cluster of pneumonia cases Wuhan, China 2019−2020. China CDC weekly 2(4):61-62 (2020).
N. Zhu, D. Zhang, W. Wang, X. Li, B. Yang, J. Song, X. Zhao, B. Huang, W. Shi, R. Lu, P. Niu, F. Zhan, X. Ma, D. Wang, W. Xu, G. Wu, G. F. Gao, and W. Tan. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. The New England Journal of Medicine 382: 727-33 (2020).
WHO. Nutrition. Nutrition advice for adults during the COVID-19 outbreak (2020). Available from http://www.emro.who.int/nutrition/nutritioninfocus/nutrition-advice-for-adults-during-the-covid-19-outbreak.html
A. Azar (Ed.). Control Applications for Biomedical Engineering Systems. Academic Press (2020).
F. Brauer, and C. Castillo-Chavez (Eds.). Mathematical models in population biology and epidemiology. Springer, New York (2010).
Q. Li, X. Guan, P. Wu, X. Wang, L. Zhou, Y. Tong, and Z. Feng. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. The New England Journal of Medicine 382(13): 1199–1207 (2020).
S.W.X. Ong, Y.K. Tan, P.Y. Chia, T.H. Lee, O.T. Ng, M.S.Y. Wong, and K. Marimuthu. Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a symptomatic patient. JAMA 323(16): 1610-1612 (2020).
W.J. Guan, W.H. Liang, Y. Zhao, H.R. Liang, Z.S. Chen, Y.M. Li, and J.X. He. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: a nationwide analysis. European Respiratory Journal 55(5): 2000547 (2020).
W.J. Guan, Z.Y. Ni, Y. Hu, W.H. Liang, C.Q. Ou, J.X. He, and N.S. Zhong. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. The New England Journal of Medicine 382(18): 1708-1720 (2020).
C. Sohrabi, Z. Alsafi, N. O'neill, M. Khan, A. Kerwan, A. Al-Jabir, and R. Agha. World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). International Journal of Surgery 76: 71-76 (2020).
C. Huang, Y. Wang, X. Li, L. Ren, J. Zhao, Y. Hu, L. Zhang, G. Fan, J. Xu, X. Gu, Z. Cheng, T. Yu, J. Xia, Y. Wei, W. Wu, X. Xie, W. Yin, H. Li, M. Liu, Y. Xian, H. Gao, L. Guo, J. Xie, G. Wang, R. Jiang, Z. Gao, Q. Jin, J. Wangi, and B. Coat. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 395: 497–506 (2020).
Q. Hu, H. Guan, Z Sun, L. Huang, C. Chen, T. Ai, and L. Xia. Early CT features and temporal lung changes in COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. European Journal of Radiology 128: 109017 (2020).
Y.M. Arabi, S Murthy, and S. Webb. COVID-19: a novel coronavirus and a novel challenge for critical care. Intensive Care Medicine 46: 833-36 (2020).
Q.X. Long, B.Z. Liu, H.J. Deng, G.C. Wu, K. Deng, Y.K. Chen, and A.L. Huang. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19. Nature Medicine 26(6): 845-848 (2020).
A.Z. Ahmad, K. Shahzad, M. Masood, M. Umar, F. Abbasi and A. Hafeez. COVID-19 seroprevalence in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 12(4): e055381 (2022).
F. Farah, A. Mehwish, and H.A. Nafisa. Comparative Study in the Diagnosis of Anemia by SYSMEX KX-21N hematology analyzer with Peripheral Blood Smear. International Journal of Endorsing Health Science 1(2): 89-92 (2013).
G. Lu, and J. Wang. Dynamic changes in routine blood parameters of a severe COVID-19 case. Clinica Chimica Acta 508: 98–102 (2020).
W. Liu, and H. Li. COVID-19: Attacks the 1-beta Chain of Hemoglobin and Captures the Porhyrin to Inhibit Heme Metabolism. СhemRxiv (2020). doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2021-dtpv3-v12
S. Lanini, C. Montaldo, E. Nicastri, F. Vairo, C. Agrati, N. Petrosillo, and G. Ippolito COVID-19 disease—Temporal analyses of complete blood count parameters over course of illness, and relationship to patient demographics and management outcomes in survivors and non-survivors: A longitudinal descriptive cohort study. PloS One 15(12): e0244129 (2020).
P. Xu, Q. Zhou, and J. Xu. Mechanism of thrombocytopenia in COVID-19 patients. Annals of Hematology 99(6): 1205-1208 (2020).
G. Lippi, M. Plebani, and B.M. Henry. Thrombocytopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: a meta-analysis. Clinica Chimica Acta 506: 145-148 (2020).
W. Guo, M. Li, Y. Dong, H. Zhou, Z. Zhang, C. Tian, and D. Hu. Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID‐19. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 36(7): e3319 (2020).
F. Zhou, T. Yu, R. Du, G. Fan, Y. Liu, Z. Liu, and B. Cao. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet 395(10229):1054-1062 (2020).
N. Zaki, H. Alashwal, and S. Ibrahim. Association of hypertension, diabetes, stroke, cancer, kidney disease, and high-cholesterol with COVID-19 disease severity and fatality: A systematic review. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome 14(5):1133-1142 (2020).
S.Q. Deng, and H.J. Peng. Characteristics of and public health responses to the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. Journal of Clinical Medicine 9(2):575 (2020).
E. Kocar, T. Rezen, and D. Rozman. Cholesterol, lipoproteins, and COVID-19: Basic concepts and clinical applications. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids 1866(2): 158849 (2021).
L.B. Daniels, A.M. Sitapati, J. Zhang, J. Zou, Q.M. Bui, J. Ren, and K. Messer. Relation of statin use prior to admission to severity and recovery among COVID-19 inpatients. The American Journal of Cardiology 136: 149-155 (2020).
F.K. Ho, F. Petermann-Rocha, S.R. Gray, B.D. Jani, S.V. Katikireddi, C.J. Niedzwiedz, and J.P. Pell. Is older age associated with COVID-19 mortality in the absence of other risk factors? General population cohort study of 470,034 participants. PLoS One 15(11): e0241824 (2020).
E. Mahase. Covid-19: Why are age and obesity risk factors for serious disease. BMJ 371: m4130 (2020).
A. Huynh, D.M. Arnold, J.W. Smith, J.C. Moore, A. Zhang, Z. Chagla, B.J. Harvey, H.D. Stacey, J.C. Ang, R. Clare, N. Ivetic, V.T. Chetty, D.M.E. Bowdish, M.S. Miller, J.G. Kelton, and I. Nazy. Characteristics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in recovered COVID-19 subjects. Viruse 13(4): 697 (2021).
K. Bitzogli, E. Magira, L. Chatzis, E. Jahaj, H. Alexopoulos, M. Dalakas, and P. Vlachoyiannopoulos. AB0697 ANTI-SARS-COV-2 antibodies and autoantibodies in covid-19 patients survived after icu admission, 6 months later. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80: 1381 (2021).
J. Elslande, M. Oyaert, S. Ailliet, M. Van Ranst, N. Lorent, Y.V. Weygaerde, and P. Vermeersch. Longitudinal follow-up of IgG anti-nucleocapsid antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients up to eight months after infection. Journal of Clinical Virology 136: 104765 (2021).
F.J. Ibarrondo, J.A. Fulcher, D. Goodman-Meza, J. Elliott, C. Hofmann, M.A. Hausner and O.O. Yang. Rapid decay of anti–SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in persons with mild Covid-19. The New England Journal of Medicine 383(11): 1085-1087 (2021).
E.R. Adams, M. Ainsworth, R. Anand, M.I. Andersson, K. Auckland, J.K. Baillie, E. Barnes, S. Beer, J.I. Bell, T. Berry, S. Bibi, M. Carroll, S.K. Chinnakannan, … R.J. Ploeg, and A. Pollard. Antibody testing for COVID-19: A report from the National COVID Scientific Advisory Panel. Wellcome Open Research 5(5):139 (2020).
H.X. Gao, Y.N. Li, Z.G. Xu, Y.L. Wang, H.B. Wang, J.F. Cao, and E.H. Dai. Detection of serum immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibodies in 2019 novel coronavirus infected patients from different stages. China Medical Journal 133: 1479–1480 (2020).
A.H. Alzaabi, L.A. Ahmed, A.E. Rabooy A.A. Zaabi, M, Alkaabi, F. AlMahmoud, and K.A. Mazrouei. Longitudinal changes in IgG levels among COVID19 recovered patients: A prospective cohort study. PLoS One 16(6): e0251159 (2021).
J.M. Jin, P. Bai, W. He, F. Wu, X.F. Liu, D.M. Han, and J.K. Yang. Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: focus on severity and mortality. Frontiers in Public Health 8:152 (2020).
F. Mauvais-Jarvis. Aging, male sex, obesity, and metabolic inflammation create the perfect storm for COVID-19. Diabetes 69(9): 1857-1863 (2020).
I. Solmaz, and S. Araç. ABO blood groups in COVID‐19 patients; cross‐sectional study. International Journal of Clinical Practice 75(4): e13927 (2021).
H. Goker, E.A. Karakulak, H. Demiroğlu, C.M.A. Ceylan, Y. Büyükaşik, A.C. Inkaya, and S. Ünal. The effects of blood group types on the risk of COVID-19 infection and its clinical outcome. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 50(4): 679 (2020).
T.P. Velavan, and C.G Meyer. The COVID‐19 epidemic. Tropical Medicine & International Health 25(3):278 (2020).
C. Qin, L. Zhou, Z. Hu, S. Zhang, S. Yang, Y. Tao, C. Xie, K. Ma, K. Shang, W. Wang, and D.S. Tian. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Clinical Infectious Diseases 71(15): 762-768 (2020).
N.P. Walsh, M. Gleeson, R.J. Shephard, M. Gleeson, J.A. Woods, N. Bishop, and P. Simon. Position statement. part one: Immune function and exercise. Exercise Immunology Review 17: 6-63 (2011).
J. Vina, F. Sanchis‐Gomar, V. Martinez‐Bello, and M.C. Gomez‐Cabrera. Exercise acts as a drug; the pharmacological benefits of exercise. British Journal of Pharmacology 167(1): 1-12 (2012).
R. Sallis, D.R. Young, S.Y. Tartof, J.F. Sallis, J. Sall, Q. Li, and D.A. Cohen. Physical inactivity is associated with a higher risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes: a study in 48440 adult patients. British Journal of Sports Medicine 55(19): 1099-1105 (2021).
K.A.B. Davies, S. Pickles, V.S. Sprung, G.J. Kemp, U. Alam, D.R. Moore, and D.J. Cuthbertson. Reduced physical activity in young and older adults: metabolic and musculoskeletal implications. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism 10: 1-15 (2019).
F. Aman, and S. Masood. How Nutrition can help to fight against COVID-19 Pandemic. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 36(COVID19-S4): S121-23 (2020).
A. Afshin, P.J. Sur, K.A. Fay, L. Cornaby, G. Ferrara, J.S. Salama, and C.J. Murray. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet 393(10184): 1958-1972 (2019).
N.E. Deutz, J.M. Bauer, R. Barazzoni, G. Biolo, Y. Boirie, A. Bosy-Westphal, and P.C. Calder. Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group. Clinical Nutrition 33(6): 929-936 (2014).
B. Prado-Vivar, M. Becerra-Wong, J.J. Guadalupe, S. Marquez, B. Gutierrez, P. Rojas-Silva, and P. Cardenas. COVID-19 Re-Infection by a Phylogenetically Distinct SARS-CoV-2 Variant, First Confirmed Event in South America. SSRN (2020). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3686174.
R.L. Tillett, J.R. Sevinsky, P.D. Hartley, H. Kerwin, N. Crawford, A. Gorzalski, and M. Pandori. Genomic evidence for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: a case study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 21(1): 52-58 (2021).
D. Baud, G. Greub, G. Favre, C. Gengler, K. Jaton, E. Dubruc, and L. Pomar. Second-trimester miscarriage in a pregnant woman with SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA 323(21): 2198-2200 (2020).
X. Wang, Z. Zhou, J. Zhang, F. Zhu, Y. Tang, and X. Shen. A case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in a pregnant woman with preterm delivery. Clinical Infectious Diseases 71(15): 844–6 (2020).
D.A. Schwartz. An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 144(7): 799-805 (2020).
H. Zeng, C. Xu, J. Fan, Y. Tang, Q. Deng, W. Zhang, and X. Long. Antibodies in infants born to mothers with COVID-19 pneumonia. JAMA 323(18): 1848-49 (2020).
A.S. Farhat, S.J. Sayedi, F. Akhlaghi, A. Hamedi, and A. Ghodsi. Coronavirus (COVID-19) infection in newborns. International Journal of Pediatrics 8(6): 11513-11517 (2020).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Upon acceptance of an article, its copyright will be assigned to the Pakistan Academy of Sciences.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY). Allows users to: copy the article and distribute; abstracts, create extracts, and other revised versions, adaptations or derivative works of or from an article (such as a translation); include in a collective work (such as an anthology); and text or data mine the article. These uses are permitted even for commercial purposes, provided the user: includes a link to the license; indicates if changes were made; gives appropriate credit to the author(s) (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI); and does not represent the author(s) as endorsing the adaptation of the article or modify the article in such a way as to damage the authors' honor or reputation.
