Statistical Modeling of Groundwater Quality for Source and Ionic Relationships: A Case Study for Drinking Water Quality
Statistical Modeling of Groundwater of UET, Lahore
Keywords:
Heavy metals, physical parameters, Statistical Analysis, ground water, drinking water quality, ionic relationships, spatial and temporal contaminant variationAbstract
A study was conducted to check the ground water quality of the University of Engineering and Technology (UET) campus, Lahore during October 13, 2014 to November 10, 2014. For this purpose grab samples were collected from four tube wells and eight end users for five weeks. These samples were analyzed for chloride (Cl-), total dissolve solids (TDS), fluoride (F-), pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Ni, Fe) using prescribed methods and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, respectively. Statistical tools were used for the source and correlation of ground water quality. Symmetrical (Cl-, pH, EC, F-, TDS, Ni, Fe) and non-symmetrical (Cr, Pb) distribution was observed. The Spearman and Pearson correlation matrix showed a correlation among heavy metals and physical parameters. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results also supported this correlation. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Cluster Analysis (CA) data identified four sources of chemical species in ground water, i.e. landfill leachates, emissions from vehicles,seepage of industrial emissions and tanneries wastewater, which enhanced the levels of heavy metals contamination in groundwater. Enrichment factor (EF) also indicated anthropogenic activities for the elevated levels of heavy metals in the ground water. The mean concentration of Cr (0.52 mg L-1), Pb(0.08 mg L-1) and Ni (0.08 mg L-1) were higher than the permissible values while that of Fe was within permissible limit for drinking purposes.
References
Zainab, A., S. Chunli, T. Fazeelat, W. Harold, M. Tumwitike & Z.A. Syed. Quality and hydrochemistry of groundwater used for drinking
in Lahore, Pakistan analysis of source and distributed groundwater. Environmental Earth Sciences 74 (5): 1-14 (2015).
Azeem, H.A. Analysis of industrial waste water from Kot Lakhpat area (Lahore, Pakistan) by atomic absorption spectrometer. Biologia
(Pakistan) 55 (1&2): 35-41 (2009).
Ullah, R., N.M. Riffat, & A. Qadir. Assessment of groundwater contamination in an industrial city Sialkot, Pakistan. African Journal of
Environmental Science and Technology 3: 429-446 (2009).
Amir, W., A. Jahanzaib, I. Farhat, S. Kashif, M. Zahid, & M. Ghulam. pollution status of Pakistan: A retrospective review on heavy metal
contamination of water, soil, and vegetables. Biomed Reserach International 2014: 1-29 (2014).
Syeda R.G., M. Zaid, H. Mushraf, B. Yawar, A. Zaigham, & B. Samana. A study of drinking water of industrial area of Sheikhupura with special concern to arsenic, manganese and chromium. Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Applied Scinces 13: 118-126 (2013).
WHO. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality -Volume 1: Recommendations. World Health Organization, Geneva, 130 pp. (2004).
Kovács, J., P. Tanos, J. Korponai, I.K. Székely, K. Gondár, K. Gondár-Sőregi, & I.G. Hatvani. Analysis of Water Quality Data for Scientists,
Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment. Voudouris (Ed.), In: Tech, DOI: 10.5772/32173.
Brindha, K., L. Elango & V.G. Rajesh. Occurance of Chromium and Copper in groundwater around tanneries in Chromepet area of Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection 30: 818-822 (2010).
Hannuman, R.V., P.M.N. Prasad, R.A.V. Rammana, & R.Y.V. Rami. Determination of heavy metals in surface and groundwater in and
around Tirupati Chittoor (Di), Andhra Pradesh, India. Der Pharma Chemica 4: 2442-2448 (2012).
Malik, T.J. Pre-investment Study District Lahore: A Technical Report. Directrorate of Industries and Mineral Development, Lahore, 422 pp. (2009).
The World Fact Book: Pakistan [Online]. Washington: CIA, US. http://www.indexmundi.com/pakistan/demographics_profile.html
[Accessed 11/4/2015].
Mahmood, A., W. Muqbool, M.W. Mumtaz, & F. Ahmad. Application of multivariate statistical techniques for the characterization of groundwater quality of Lahore, Gujranwala and Sialkot (Pakistan). Pakistan Journal of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry 12: 102-112 (2011).
Farooqi, A., H. Masuda, & N. Firdous. Toxic fluoride and arsenic contaminated groundwater in the Lahore and Kasur districts, Punjab, Pakistan and possible contaminant sources. Environmental Pollution 145: 839-849 (2007).
Ahmad, K. Techniques in Environmental Science and Management, 2nd ed. A-One Publishers Lahore, Pakistan, 312 pp. (2009).
Rand, M., A.E. Greenberg, & M.J. Taras. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Pollution Control Federation 20: 1-874 (2004).
Canada H. Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality—Summary Table. Water and Air Quality Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, p. 1-25 (2014).
Moore, F. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in water and surface sediments of the Maharlu Saline Lake, SW Iran. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology (Sciences) 33: 43-55 (2009).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY). Allows users to: copy the article and distribute; abstracts, create extracts, and other revised versions, adaptations or derivative works of or from an article (such as a translation); include in a collective work (such as an anthology); and text or data mine the article. These uses are permitted even for commercial purposes, provided the user: includes a link to the license; indicates if changes were made; gives appropriate credit to the author(s) (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI); and does not represent the author(s) as endorsing the adaptation of the article or modify the article in such a way as to damage the authors' honor or reputation.
