Deficiency of Iron: A Risk Factor in Pregnant Women in the District Swat

Authors

  • Naseer Ullah Centre for Animal Sciences and Fisheries, University of Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
  • Irum Hassan Centre for Animal Sciences and Fisheries, University of Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
  • Maria Rahman Centre for Animal Sciences and Fisheries, University of Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
  • Akhtar Rasool Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
  • Ikram Ilahi Department of Zoology, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
  • Muhammad Attaullah Department of Zoology, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
  • Sayed Ihtishamullah Centre for Animal Sciences and Fisheries, University of Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
  • Muhammad Israr Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53560/PPASB(60-4)761

Keywords:

Pregnancy, Anaemia, haemoglobin, Swat

Abstract

Iron is an essential element for the body. Its requirements increase during pregnancy. Improper use of iron may lead to anaemia in the mother. Anaemia may lead to complications such as abortion, stillbirth, and congenital abnormalities in the fetus of pregnant women. This study aimed to determine the iron level and problems associated with iron deficiency in pregnant women in Swat District. Samples were collected from eight hundred pregnant women. The iron status was determined by measuring haemoglobin levels using Sahli’s Method and the Haematology Analyzer. In total, 54 % were anaemic. The age group 41-45 was highly anaemic (100 %) followed by 15-20 (74 %) while the 31-35 age group was the least anaemic (42 %). The Underweight was the highly anaemic group (83 %) and the obese were the least anaemic group (12 %). Pregnant women with second trimester gestational age were the least anaemic (34 %) while the third trimester was the highly anaemic (67 %). It was concluded that iron deficiency is a common issue in pregnant women in District Swat.

References

J. Aaseth, and B. Berlinger. Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals (Fifth Edition). Academic Press pp. 419–425 (2022).

P.M. Insel. Nutrition: Jones and Bartlett Publishers (2014).

K.M. Rasmussen. Is there a causal relationship between iron deficiency or iron-deficiency anemia and weight at birth, length of gestation and perinatal mortality? The Journal of nutrition 131(2): 590-603 (2001).

T. Palihawadana, I. Goonewardene, M. Motha, and H. Williams. Iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy: diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Sri Lanka Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (2014).

N.M. Abu-Ouf, and M.M. Jan. The impact of maternal iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia on child’s health. Saudi medical journal 36(2): 146–149 (2015).

P.D. Palupi, M.S.A. Khan, and K.K. Karseno. Antianemia supplementation combination with vitamin c on hemoglobin levels among pregnant women in primary health care center, jepara, indonesia. Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Komunitas (Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Community) 18(2): 95-101 (2021).

F.M. Tabrizi, and S. Barjasteh. Maternal hemoglobin levels during pregnancy and their association with birth weight of neonates. Iranian journal of pediatric hematology and oncology 5(4): 211 (2015).

N. Raza, I. Sarwar, B. Munazza, M. Ayub, and M. Suleman. Assessment of iron deficiency in pregnant women by determining iron status. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad 23(2): 36-40 (2011).

M.D. Cappellini, and I. Motta. Anemia in Clinical Practice-Definition and Classification: Does Hemoglobin Change With Aging? Seminars in Hematology 52: 261–269 (2015).

W.B. Ershler, K. Chen, E.B. Reyes. and R. Dubois. Economic burden of patients with anemia in selected diseases. Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research 8: 629–638 (2005).

N.J. Kassebaum, R. Jasrasaria, M. Naghavi, S.K. Wulf, N. Johns, R. Lozano, M. Regan, D. Weatherall, D.P. Chou, T.P. Eisele, S.R. Flaxman, R.L. Pullan, S.J. Brooker, and C.J.L. Murray. A systematic analysis of global anemia burden from 1990 to 2010. Blood 123: 615–624 (2014).

M. Rafiq, A.A.G. Hassan, and M. Saeed. Perceptions of Returnees Concerning Their Rehabilitation and Reinstatement in Swat District, Pakistan: An Evaluative Study. Journal of Population and Social Studies [JPSS] 30: 354-376 (2022).

P. Balasubramaniam, and A. Malathi. Comparative study of hemoglobin estimated by Drabkin's and Sahli's methods. Journal of postgraduate medicine 38(1): 8 (1992).

A.I. Susanti, E. Sahiratmadja, G. Winarno, A.K. Sugianli, H. Susanto, and R. Panigoro. Low hemoglobin among pregnant women in midwives practice of primary health care, Jatinangor, Indonesia: iron deficiency anemia or β-thalassemia trait? Anemia: 6935648 (2017)

O.O. Sholeye, V.J. Animasahun, and T.O. Shorunmu. Anemia in pregnancy and its associated factors among primary care clients in Sagamu, Southwest, Nigeria: A facility-based study. Journal of family medicine and primary care 6(2): 323 (2017).

F. Shobeiri, K. Begum, and M. Nazari. A prospective study of maternal hemoglobin status of Indian women during pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. Nutrition Research 26(5): 209-213 (2006).

S.L. Loy, L.M. Lim, S.Y. Chan, P.T. Tan, Y.L. Chee, P.L. Quah, J.K.Y. Chan, K.H. Tan, F. Yap, and K.M. Godfrey. Iron status and risk factors of iron deficiency among pregnant women in Singapore: a cross-sectional study. BMC public health 19(1): 1-10 (2019).

Y. Qin, A. Melse-Boonstra, X. Pan, B. Yuan, Y. Dai, J. Zhao, M.B. Zimmermann, F.J. Kok, M. Zhou, and Z. Shi. Anemia in relation to body mass index and waist circumference among Chinese women. Nutrition journal 12(1): 1-3 (2013).

E. Ejeta, B. Alemnew, A. Fikadu, M. Fikadu, L. Tesfaye, T. Birhanu, and E. Nekemte. Prevalence of anaemia in pregnant womens and associated risk factors in Western Ethiopia. Food Sci Qual Manag 31(6) (2014).

Downloads

Published

2023-12-15

How to Cite

Naseer Ullah, Irum Hassan, Maria Rahman, Akhtar Rasool, Ikram Ilahi, Muhammad Attaullah, Sayed Ihtishamullah, & Muhammad Israr. (2023). Deficiency of Iron: A Risk Factor in Pregnant Women in the District Swat. Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life and Environmental Sciences, 60(4), 621–626. https://doi.org/10.53560/PPASB(60-4)761

Issue

Vol. 60 No. 4 (2023)

Section

Research Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2023 Upon acceptance of an article, its copyright will be assigned to the Pakistan Academy of Sciences.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY). Allows users to: copy the article and distribute; abstracts, create extracts, and other revised versions, adaptations or derivative works of or from an article (such as a translation); include in a collective work (such as an anthology); and text or data mine the article. These uses are permitted even for commercial purposes, provided the user: includes a link to the license; indicates if changes were made; gives appropriate credit to the author(s) (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI); and does not represent the author(s) as endorsing the adaptation of the article or modify the article in such a way as to damage the authors' honor or reputation.